[原创]单管机专题1——制作篇

昔日重来

一个矿石收音机论坛，唤起了对少年时代的回忆，忍不住DIY了一部单管来复再生式收音机。借国庆和中秋佳节来临之际发表，供同好们共同研究、切磋，以求一乐。
正面  长93mm 宽58mm高26mm重102g（不带电池）
<img src="attachments/94kk/15826-1-1-80529.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('attachments/94kk/15826-1-1-80529.jpg');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
<img src="attachments/94kk/15826-1-2-17500.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('attachments/94kk/15826-1-2-17500.jpg');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
后面，半裸后盖，反而更有韵味
<img src="attachments/94kk/15826-1-3-10370.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('attachments/94kk/15826-1-3-10370.jpg');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
内部清晰图
<img src="attachments/94kk/15826-1-4-71362.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('attachments/94kk/15826-1-4-71362.jpg');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />


[right]「该帖子被 喜来乐 在 2006-4-29 20:24:05 编辑过」[/right]

昔日重来

刻度盘，用药瓶盖子改造，字是打印在照相纸上剪下贴上去的
<img src="attachments/94kk/15827-1-1-97945.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('attachments/94kk/15827-1-1-97945.jpg');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
来个单连-高扼圈特写局部特写, 这个单连可变电容器，有画龙点睛的妙味，有了它才有了“昔日重来”的味道
<img src="attachments/94kk/15827-1-2-51604.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('attachments/94kk/15827-1-2-51604.jpg');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
用这只800欧姆的耳塞机放音，本地电台声音可震耳
<img src="attachments/94kk/15827-1-3-71764.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('attachments/94kk/15827-1-3-71764.jpg');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
这种耳塞机现在极难寻觅，特感谢本坛LQ92225朋友使我拥有了原汁原味的正宗单管机配套耳机
用一块报废了的东湖602型收音机的金属面板剪下一块装饰一下效果如何？
<img src="attachments/94kk/15827-1-4-60422.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('attachments/94kk/15827-1-4-60422.jpg');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />


[right]「该帖子被 喜来乐 在 2006-4-29 20:24:24 编辑过」[/right]

昔日重来

制作过程
电原理图
<img src="attachments/94kk/200642920221311.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window
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这是一张典型的来复再生式收音机电路图，基本工作原理不再赘述，特别之处是它的再生电路，我很喜用这种再生电路。这是由串在高频管发射极中的线圈L3完成的，L3是一根直径0.5毫米的单根导线在磁棒上绕1~2圈，调整和L1之间的距离来调节再生的大小，这种再生电路的特点是反馈量大而且均匀。从我装过的再生电路形式中这种是效果最好体积最小的，成本也是最低的。值得推荐。
各元件的选用原则
磁性天线 截面有圆形和方型两种。圆形有直径10毫米和8毫米两种，方型有4*12和5*17毫米两种
单管机放大量有限，从天线上接受的能量越多越好。所以磁性天线长度越长越好，同样长度下截面积越大越好，所以，若长度相同，选择的顺序应该是5*17毫米方型（截面积85平方毫米），10毫米圆形（截面积78.5平方毫米），8毫米圆形（截面积50.24平方毫米），4*12毫米方型（截面积48平方毫米）
C1,  4~20pF半可变电容，可用一只拉线电容或一只18pF左右的固定电容代替
很多刊物和爱好者都不加这个电容，认为这是个可有可无的零件。我的结论是：矿石机可以省，再生机不可省！这个结论是在这次装机调试中得出的。刚开始没有加这个电容，在这次装机调试完以后用信号发生器测了一下接受频率范围，结果吃了一惊！最高频率达2MHz!（中波的标准频率范围是535~1605KHz）那有朋友问频率范围宽点有什么关系？不是更好吗？或许还可以接收一点短波信号呢。其实不然，因为有再生的缘故，而再生无一不是高端强低端弱，总是高端先啸叫，那频率宽了必然会加大全波段灵敏度的不均匀性，后来在电路中加了一只拉线电容把频率降到1605KHz附近，调好再生，感觉全波段灵敏度的均匀性有不少改善。从实际接受效果证实了这个电容不可省的结论。
C2  可变电容 常见的有260pF和360pF，和磁性天线配合构成收音机的输入回路。原则上260pF和360pF都可以用，那么到底用哪种好点呢？我以为在矿石机和电子管机中用容量大一些好，而在晶体管机中用容量小一些好。这是因为矿石机和电子管机一般用圆筒线圈外接天线，可变电容容量大一些线圈的圈数可以少一点，各种损耗也小一点，综合效果更好一些。而在晶体管机中一般使用磁性天线，一个线圈要想在交变磁场中感应出更高的电压，简单的办法就是增加线圈圈数，那自然电容用小点线圈圈数增加点效果好，如果线圈能分段绕制那效果将更好
这个是636单管机原装型号的单连，怀旧的味道更浓，唯体积大了
<img src="attachments/94kk/15828-1-2-94443.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window
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要想效果好，当然还得是这个260pF空气单连可变电容
<img src="attachments/94kk/15828-1-3-80200.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('attachments/94kk/15828-1-3-80200.jpg');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
三极管 单管机对晶体管的要求不高，各种型号的3AG、3AK都可以用。一般放大倍数30~100都可以用。以50~80为好，曾试过30和115的管子，实际接受效果并不象放大倍数的差距那么大。<img src="attachments/94kk/15828-1-4-52873.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('attachments/94kk/15828-1-4-52873.jpg');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />


[right]「该帖子被 喜来乐 在 2006-4-29 20:23:19 编辑过」[/right]

昔日重来

本机使用的晶体管放大倍数为52。
<img src="attachments/94kk/15829-1-1-66943.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('attachments/94kk/15829-1-1-66943.jpg');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
二极管 各种型号的2AP、2AK都可以用。从这次装机实践中发现对单管机收音效果影响大的不是三极管，而是二极管！以前书上介绍二极管的选用原则是正向电阻小反向电阻大就可以，但一般正向电阻小的反向电阻也小些，反之亦然。那用什么样子的好呢？
刚开始用这只二极管，正向电阻约1k，反向500k
<img src="attachments/94kk/15829-1-2-66148.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('attachments/94kk/15829-1-2-66148.jpg');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
后来用这只二极管，正向电阻约1.5k
<img src="attachments/94kk/15829-1-3-40516.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('attachments/94kk/15829-1-3-40516.jpg');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
反向接近无穷大
<img src="attachments/94kk/15829-1-4-20269.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('attachments/94kk/15829-1-4-20269.jpg');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
上机比较以后发现反向电阻大的二极管声音明显大。


[right]「该帖子被 喜来乐 在 2006-4-29 20:24:49 编辑过」[/right]

昔日重来

这些数据是用上海生产的老牌500型电表测量的，很经典的电表，换其他型号的电表可能结果不相同。
<img src="attachments/94kk/15830-1-1-33119.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('attachments/94kk/15830-1-1-33119.jpg');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
500型电表现在很多山寨厂也生产，品质鱼龙混杂。还是用上海产的老牌子放心。特别指出，测二极管还是用模拟电表测量清晰直观。一个资深的爱好者应该备一块高质量的模拟指针万用电表供毕生使用！！！
高扼圈 也是一个关键元件。以前有厂制品，但自己制作也很简单，使用效果也很好。用0.07~0.09毫米高强度漆包线在小磁心或磁环上绕300圈，电感量约2.5~3mH。经验是线径不能太粗，太粗和磁性天线的耦合再生作用反而不明显，也许是线细一点Q值比较低，谐振曲线比较平坦，可以和磁性天线在更宽的范围内取得再生作用。
这次共绕了3只高扼圈，一只用3*10毫米磁芯，一只用6*15毫米磁芯，一只用直径10毫米的磁环，最后使用的是用3*10毫米磁芯的。
<img src="attachments/94kk/15830-1-2-87863.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('attachments/94kk/15830-1-2-87863.jpg');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
C3  5100pF~0.033uF均可。通常取0.01uF
C4  100pF~1000uF均可。通常取270pF，以用云母电容为好
机壳  找到一个长93mm 宽58mm高26mm的塑料小盒作外壳
<img src="attachments/94kk/15830-1-3-72984.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('attachments/94kk/15830-1-3-72984.jpg');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
底板  用一块1-1.5mm的环氧板，剪成90×55mm。用这个图在纸上按1：1画好贴在环氧板按图打孔，大孔8mm,小孔2mm,
<img src="attachments/94kk/15830-1-4-90184.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('attachments/94kk/15830-1-4-90184.jpg');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />


[right]「该帖子被 喜来乐 在 2006-4-29 20:25:16 编辑过」[/right]

昔日重来

用直径2mm长3mm的空心铆钉铆在2mm的小孔位置，注意单连的位置不铆铆钉
<img src="attachments/94kk/15831-1-1-43602.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window
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<img src="attachments/94kk/15831-1-2-85181.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window
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先把各元件测量一遍，保证完好。按下图位置将元件插入铆钉，注意这个是元件面的位置。按原理图将线连接好，R*的位置先空下不接。高扼圈也先不固定。耳机插座的中间触点要向里推一点，改造成当耳机插头插入时电源自动接通，拔掉后电源自动断开
<img src="attachments/94kk/15831-1-3-37072.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window
CTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('attachments/94kk/15831-1-3-37072.jpg');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
调试  （调试前首先确认有电台在广播）把R*的位置用一只100k电位器串一只30k 的固定电阻代替，电位器转至阻值最大处，再生线圈L3先不套进磁棒。确认接线无误后接上耳机、电池，再从大往小调整电位器，到某处听到耳机中有明显的“沙沙”声时停下，调节单连就可以收到播音。再调整电位器使信号清楚响亮。测量一下晶体管的集电极电流（也可以先把万用表串在电路中）在0.5~2mA之间都有可能，通常电流大声音大，电流小灵敏度高。
再把再生线圈L3套进磁棒，调节和L1的位置，使波段高端刚好不啸叫。如果不起再生把L3的两个线头对调。移动高扼圈的位置，使波段低端刚好不啸叫。
固定好高扼圈，把R*用一只相同阻值的固定电阻焊上，把整个线路板装入机壳，盖上后盖，插上耳机通电试机，没有问题就OK！一部小巧精致、怀旧韵味浓厚的单晶体管收音机就制好了，你可以尽情欣赏、享受自己的劳动成果了！
这个单管机用耳机收听本地电台声音可以震耳，白天本地的7家电台都可以收到，晚上可以收到12个电台，至少有一个台是四川的，因为听到卖大力药丸的说“热线电话028xxx”,呵呵！估计灵敏度在3~5mV/M之间，接近于只有一级中放的简易外差机。
单管机对于无线电爱好者来说具有划时代的意义，它和矿石机比较虽然都用耳机收听，但却甩掉了外接天线这根辫子，同电子管单灯机比较只要2节5号电池就可以工作，而电子管单灯机则要1.5v的甲电和至少是22.5v的乙电，恐怕还要拖个辫子。那时谁要是装了一部不要天线而且可以放在口袋里随身携带的收音机是很光彩的，用最低成本达到这个要求的就是晶体管单管收音机了。上次装单管机还是三十几年以前的事情了，此次重新装机又有不少体会。




[right]「该帖子被 喜来乐 在 2006-4-29 20:25:38 编辑过」[/right]

巴里奥斯

真是太好了！收藏！

yido

咋一看还以为是新的老机呢!佩服佩服。

LQ92225

这样的文章应多发,经典.我的耳塞物有的值.

unn

各位大大，谁还有800欧姆的耳塞机可以砸我？实在是爱得不得了！

清水煮挂面

昔日老兄,真是佩服您,这份制作手艺没几十年的功底是达不到的,谢谢您的好文.好图.好提议.

海羽

好东东！好手艺！

xtal

好好好。俺要给它授“精”，呵呵。

czbchn

授精？！

gale

漂亮，可惜我弄不到这些零件啊，尤其是那个可变电容，我连杀人越货的心都有了。